五月树下，光阴盛开

51. You do not ask whether the defendant believed damage would ensue.

你不要问被告是否认为会产生损害。

52. A school authority owes a duty of care to students to maintain the safety of the students.

校方对学生的安全负有注意照顾义务。

53. The occupier of premises owes a duty of care to persons entering the premises against dangerous premises.

房产拥有者对进入该房产的人负有防止房屋发生危险的义务。

54. A cigarette company owes a duty of care to potential customers when advertising its product to warn of the dangers of smoking.

香烟公司在为其产品做广告时，对那些潜在的消费者负有警告吸烟危害的注意义务。

55. A local council owes a duty of care to persons they provide information to regarding.

地方议会对涉及区域规划的消息，对听取人负有注意义务。

Zoning：分区（如城市规划中分成工厂区、住宅区等）

56. The standard of care is the amount of care that must be taken.

注意标准就是应给予的注意的程度。

57. The standard required is that of a reasonable person.

所需标准就是一个正常人应有的注意程度。

58. Whether a reasonable person would have foreseen harm by the circumstances and would have taken steps to prevent it.

一个正常人是否已预见到某些情形下会发生的损害，以及是否采取了措施进行防范。

59. The question of whether a duty of care exists is one of law.

注意义务是否存在的问题是一个法律问题。

60. The question as to whether a duty of care has been breached is a question of fact, not one of law.

注意义务是否已被违反的问题是一个事实问题，而非法律问题。

61. The defendant was held not liable for the injury to the plaintiff.

被告对原告所受伤害不承担责任。

62. Another factor relevant to determining whether the standard of care been met is the effort that would be required in eliminating the risk.

认定是否达到注意标准的另一个相关因素是排除危险所需要的努力。

63. This is relevant to determining the precautions that should have been taken to fulfill their duty of care.

这与决定采取防范措施履行注意义务是相关的。

Precaution：预防措施。

64. It is necessary to consider the risk and balance that against the steps necessary to eliminate the risk.

危险和消除危险所需步骤间的平衡应被考虑。

65. The social utility of the defendant’s conduct must be assessed against the gravity of the risk of injury.

被告行为的社会效益必须通过与伤害危险的严重程度相比较来评估。

66. The standard of care expected is that of an ordinary person.

所期望的注意标准是针对一个具有普通常识的人。

67. The law has created a test that determines the issue of causation.

法律规定了测定因果关系的测试。

68. The fault is in fact a cause of damage.

这一过失实际上是损害发生的起因。

69. The defendant will not be liable for damages that are too remote.

对那些非常间接的损害，被告不负责赔偿。

70. The defendant will not be liable for every act that is caused by their negligence.

被告并不是对其所有的过失行为负责。

71. It can be noted that the concept of reasonable foreseeability is used often by the law.

值得注意的是法律上经常使用合理预见这一概念。

72. The aim of damages is to compensate the plaintiff.

损害赔偿的目的在于赔偿原告的损失。

73. Contributory negligence occurs where the plaintiff can be held partly to blame for the loss sustained as a result of a failure to take reasonable care against a foreseeable risk of injury.

互有过失指原告对可预见的损害危险没有采取合理的注意因而对其所受损失负有部分责任。

Contributory negligence：互有过失、互有疏忽。

Sustain：蒙受、遭受。

74. An assault will occur when the act of one person causes another to apprehend that they are going to be physically harmed by another.

攻击是指某人的行为使对方认为他们将在身体上遭受其侵害。

Assault：攻击，殴打（未遂），威胁。

Apprehend：理解、畏惧。

75. A battery is the intentional application of force to another person.

殴打指对另一人故意施加暴力。

Battery：殴打，assault and battery:殴打（已遂），人身伤害。

76. The tort of false imprisonment is the affliction of bodily restraint on a person that is not authorized by the law.

非法监禁侵权行为是指未获法律授权而对某人人身进行监禁。

Affliction：苦恼、折磨。

false imprisonment：非法拘留、非法监禁。

77. There are a number of torts against chattels, including trespass against goods, conversion of goods and detinue.

对动产的侵权行为有：对货物的侵犯；对货物的非法处理；对他人动产的非法扣留。

Detinue：对他人动产的非法扣留。

Chattels：动产。

Trespass：非法侵入、侵犯。

Conversion：（非法处理他人财产的）侵权行为。

78. A trespass against goods is a wrongful interference with the possession of goods.

对货物的侵犯是一种对货物占有权的错误干涉。

79. There are a number of torts against land, including trespass against land, public nuisance and private nuisance.

对土地的侵仅行为有：侵犯他人土地，滋扰公众行为，滋扰个人行为。

Trespass：侵犯他人土地。

public nuisance：滋扰公众行为。

private nuisance：滋扰个人行为。

80. A public nuisance is an act that interferes with the enjoyment of a right that all members of the community are entitled to.

滋扰公众行为是指对社会全体成员享受法律规定权利的干涉。

1. I think that the person accused should know the nature of the accusation made.
我认为被控告者应该获悉对他的控告的性质。
2. He should be given an opportunity to state his case.
他应该有陈述意见的机会。
State one’s case:陈述自己的情况和理由。
3. The tribunal should act in good faith.
裁判机关必须公正。
In good faith:真诚地。
4. Bias has been described as a departure from that standard of even-handed justice.
偏见被认为是偏离了公正执法的准则。
Departure(from):违背、背离。
Even-handed:公正的；even-handed justice:公平执法。
5. Objection can not be taken to everything which might raise a suspicion in somebody’s mind.
Take(make an) objection to:对…表示反对。
不是每一件使人怀疑的事都要予以反对。
6. Waiver or acquiescence presupposes that the person to be bound is fully cognizant of his rights.
放弃或默认的权利应当是以当事人已充分认识他的权利为前提。
Acquiescence:默认、默许。
Presuppose:以…先决条件。
Cognizant(of):认知、知晓。
7. The judge must not hear the evidence or the representations from one side behind the back of the other.
法官不能背着一方当事人听取另一方当事人的证词或陈述。
Representation:陈述。
Behind sb.’s back:在某人背后，背着某人。
8. A party must be given fair notice of the case made against him.
当事人一方应当被告知他被指控的理由。
Notice:通知、警告。
9. He must know what evidence has been given and what statements have been made affecting him.
他应当有权知晓裁判机关得到了哪些证据，以及哪些涉及他的控告内容。
10. The rules of natural justice are not rigid.
自然公正原则不是僵化的东西。
Natural justice:自然公正。
11. No words which are of universal application to every kind of inquiry and every kind of domestic tribunal.
没有哪一种解释可以普遍适用于每一种案件和每一类裁判机关。
12. This principle was very closely and carefully examined.
这个原则受到了严密而仔细的审查。
13. Nature justice requires that the procedure before any tribunal which is acting judicially shall be fair in all the circumstances.
自然公正要求任何行使司法权力的法庭所适用的程序在任何情况下都是公正的。
14. I would be sorry to see this fundamental general principle degenerate into a series of hard and fast rules.
我很遗憾地看到这一重要的普遍原则已退化成一系列的不容违反的刻板的规则。
Hard and fast:严格的，不容变通的。
15. In the application of the concept of fair play, there must be real flexibility.
公正平等的观念，必须加以灵活运用。
16. The audi alteram partem rule required that the person charged should have the opportunity of being heard in his own defence in a matter in which such right shall be worth what it is meant to be.
“听取双方陈述”的原则要求被指控的人应该有机会在他值得行使陈述权的情况下充分行使。
Have the opportunity of doing sth.:有机会做某事。
Defence: 辩护、答辩。
audi alteram partem：听取双方意见。
17. That tribunal might not continue to hear evidence privately after the oral hearing and before arriving at its decision.
法庭不能在口头听证之后，判决作出之前，继续不公开地听取证词。
Arrive at (come into) a decision:作出决定（判决）。
18. A chief constable was acquitted of charges of corruption.
一个曾被指控腐化的警察局长被宣告无罪。
Chief constable:警察局长。
Be acquitted of (acquit sb. of ): 宣判无罪。
19. But the Watch Committee in arriving at their decision considered (inter alia) his own statement in evidence and the observations made by the trial judge.
但公安委员会在作出该决定时考虑了被告本人的证词，以及初审法官的意见。
Watch committee:（管理公安、灯火等事宜的）市镇委员会。
Inter alia: 除其它事项外、特别是。
Observation:意见、言论。
Trial judge:初审法官。
20. It is well established the essential requirements of natural justice.
自然公正的本质要求得到了充分确定。
Established: 确立的、确定的。
21. The tribunal should make its determination on the documents.
法庭应该在有关文件的基础上作出裁决。
22. It was held that in following the procedure laid down by the Act and not extending it go give the taxpayers the right to see the counterstatement, the tribunal was not acting unfairly or contrary to the rules of natural justice.
判决认为，法庭已遵从了该法规定的程序，没有给予纳税人查阅答辩材料权利的做法并未有失公允或违反自然公正原则。
Lay down:规定、制定。
Taxpayer:纳税人。
Counterstatement:答辩。
23. Much of the information would be confidential.
大部分信息将会是保密的。
Confidential:保密的、机密的。
24. the judge or the adjudicator should not there for take into account information derived from other sources.
法官或裁判者不能考虑采用从其他的渠道得到的证据。
Adjudicator:判决者、评判员。
Take into account:考虑、重视。
Derive from:起源、衍生。
25. There is no obligation on an administrative tribunal to adopt the regular forms of procedure of a court of law.
行政裁判机构没有采用法院所适用的司法程序固定模式的义务。
A court of law:法院、法庭。
Lay an obligation on sb.:使某人负有义务。
26. Originally, the principles natural justice were only used in the narrow context of a court of law.
最初，自然公正原则仅被法院所适用。
27. They must deal with the question without bias.
他们必须无偏见地解决问题。
28. In some cases administrative powers have been characterised  as non-judicial.
在一些情况下，行政权力具有非司法性质的特点。
In some cases:在一些情况下。
Judicial:司法的，审判的。
Characterise: 表示…的特性，成为…的特性。
29. Dismissal from an office where there must be something against a man to warrant his dismissal.
将某人撤职就必须有对他不利的证据来证明这种撤职决定的正当性。
Dismissal:免职，开除。
Warrant:证明…是正当的。
30. The rules of natural justice are applicable also in the proceedings of labour tribunals.
自然公正原则还适用于劳资纠纷裁判。
Proceeding:诉讼，程序。
Applicable:可适用的，合适的。
Tribunal:特别法庭、审理团、裁判。
31. There must be displayed that measure of natural justice in the conduct of proceedings.
程序的运作必须体现公平正义的尺度。
Measure:程度、限度、分寸。
32. Taxation was purely administrative.
征税行为是纯粹的行政行为。
33. There was no requirement that he should afford the taxpayer an opportunity to be heard.
他无须给予纳税人陈述的机会。
34. It has also been held that the rules of natural justice must be observed by the tribunal that decides on expulsion from membership of a trade union or imposes fines or forfeitures.
法院还认为，行政裁判机关在作出开除工会会员资格以及有关罚款和没收的决定时，都必须遵循自然公正的原则。
Expulsion:驱逐、开除。
Forfeiture:丧失、没收。
35. It is not necessary to label the proceedings “judicial”, “quasi-judicial”, “administrative” or “investigatory”.
没有必要将有关的程序贴上司法的、准司法的、行政性的或调查性的标签。
Quasi-judicial:准司法性的，具有部分司法权的。
Quasi-:前缀，表示“类似、准、半”。
36. The characteristic of the proceedings required the inspectors to act fairly.
程序的特点要求视察员公平地行使权力。
37. A tort is a civil as opposed to a criminal wrong.
侵权是一种与刑事过错相对应的民事过错。
38. A tort is a wrong, but it must be distinguished from a crime.
侵权行为是一种过错行为，但它有别于犯罪。
39. It is possible that the one action may amount to both a tort and a crime.
某些行为有可能既是侵权行为，又是犯罪行为。
Amount to :相当于、等于、就是。
40. A person who commits a tort is called a tortfeasor.
实施侵权行为的人被称为侵权行为人。
Tortfeasor：侵权人。
41. The law of tort is common-law based.
侵权行为法以普通法为基础。
42. The aim of the law of torts is different from the criminal law.
侵权行为法的目的有别于刑法。
43. Negligence is one of the better known torts.
过失是主要的侵权行为之一。
Negligence：过失、疏忽。
44. In certain situations the law imposes a duty on a person to act with care towards others.
在某些情况下，法律要求人们在做某种行为时，对其他人负有注意的义务。
45. Negligence as a tort is the breach of a legal duty to take care which results in damage, undesired by the defendant, to the plaintiff.
作为侵权行为的过失是被告对注意这一法定义务的违反，从而使原告遭受损失，这一结果并非出于被告本意。
Undesired：不希望得到的，非所要求的。
Defendant：被告。
Plaintiff：原告。
46. A duty of care must be owed by one person to another.
一个人对另一人负有注意的义务。
47. The law of torts is of fairly recent origin.
侵权行为法的渊源并不久远。
48. She sued the manufacturer for negligence.
她以过失控告制造商。
49. Acts or omissions which any moral code would censure cannot in a practical world would be treated so as to give a right to every person injured by them to demand relief.
道德准则所谴责的作为或不作为并不在现实世界的探讨范围内，以至于人们有权要求就其因此所受的损失给予补救。
Act：作为、行为。
Omission：不作为、疏忽。
Treat：处理、论述、探讨。
Relief：补偿、救济。
50. The test is one of reasonable foreseeability (：an objective test)
对合理的可预见性的测试是客观的。
Foreseeability：可预见性。

The scripts used here are from:http://www.twiztv.com

......

Chandler: So does he have a hump? A hump and a hairpiece?[1]

[1]hump: a raised part on someone's back that is caused by an unusually curved spine.

    hairpiece: a piece of false hair used to make your own hair look thicker.

......

Phoebe: Just, 'cause, I don't want her to go through what I went through with Carl- oh![2]

[2]go through (sth): to suffer or experience something bad.

......

Chandler: and it turns out it's my mother, which is very-very weird, because- she never calls me![3]

[3]turn out: to happen in a particular way, or to have a particular result, especially one that you did not expect.

    weird: unusual and different from anything you have seen or heard before; very strange, mysterious, or frightening.

Ross: (mortified) Hi.[4]

[4]be mortified: to feel extremely embarrassed or ashamed.

……

Ross: I just feel like someone reached down my throat, grabbed my small intestine, pulled it out of my mouth and tied it around my neck...[5]

[5]intestine: the long tube that takes food from your stomach out of your body.

……

Ross: No, no don't! Stop cleansing my aura! No, just leave my aura alone, okay?[6]

[6] cleanse: to get rid of any dirt from a wound or from your skin.

     aura: a quality or feeling that seems to surround or come from a person or a place.

……

Ross: No I don't, to hell with her, she left me![7]

[7]to hell with: used to say that you do not care about something any more.

……

Ross: No!! Okay?! Why does everyone keep fixating on that? She didn't know, how should I know?[8]

[8]fixate on :to always think or talk about one particular thing.

Chandler: Sometimes I wish I was a lesbian... (They all stare at him.) Did I say that out loud?[9]

[9]out loud: in such a way that people can hear you.

……

Joey: Strip joint! C'mon, you're single! Have some hormones![10]

[10]strip:to remove something of something else.

     joint: a part of your body where two bones meet. Here “strip joint ”means Ross and Carol’s divorce.

     hormones: a chemical substance produced by your body that influences your body’s growth, development and condition.

……

Monica: (pointing at Rachel) De-caff.[11]

[11]decaf(f):decaffeinated coffee or tea.

     decaffeinated: coffee or tea that is decaffeinated has had caffeine(a drug that keeps you awake) removed.

……

Monica: So you wanna tell us now, or are we waiting for four wet bridesmaids?[12]

[12]bridesmaids: a girl or woman, usually unmarried, who helps the bride on her wedding day and is with her at the wedding.